![]() Racial and ethnic disparities persist in the utilization and outcomes of joint replacement. Persons with advanced symptoms and structural damage are candidates for total joint replacement. ![]() cathepsin K inhibitors, Wnt inhibitors, anabolic growth factors), or reduce OA pain (e.g. Clinical trials have shown promising results for compounds that arrest structural progression (e.g. Intraarticular steroid injections provide short-term pain relief and duloxetine has demonstrated efficacy. The cornerstones of OA management are prescribed exercises, weight loss if appropriate, and education-complemented by topical or oral NSAIDs, in those without contraindications. Radiographic indicators include marginal osteophytes and joint space narrowing. Several physical examination findings are useful diagnostically, including bony enlargement in knee OA and pain elicited with internal hip rotation in hip OA. The reduced physical activity leads to a 20% higher age-adjusted mortality. ![]() Persons with OA have more comorbidities and are more sedentary than those without OA. Risk factors include age, female sex, obesity, genetics and major joint injury. It is characterized by pathologic changes in cartilage, bone, synovium, ligament, muscle, and periarticular fat, leading to joint dysfunction, pain, stiffness, functional limitation, and loss of valued activities. It can involve almost any joint but typically affects the hands, knees, hips and feet. ![]()
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